Historical Medicine: Ann Shorey

/ Jordyn Redwood / Leave a comment

I’m pleased to have Ann Shorey back with us today as she discusses some uniquie aspects of 19th century medicine with a fun quiz. Do you know the answers? Don’t fear, they’re posted.

Welcome back, Ann!

As people of the 21st Century, we’re accustomed to hearing about advanced medical tests, such as an MRI or a CAT scan, even though we may hope we never need the technology. We think of blood tests, urine samples, even DNA testing, as the norm.
But if we lived in the same time and place as the characters in my At Home in Beldon Grove series, none of those advances would be available. The series begins in 1838 with The Edge of Light and concludes in 1857 with The Dawn of a Dream. The “middle child” in the series, The Promise of Morning, is set in 1846.
Here are a few medical questions that arise in the series. The answers appear at the end of the post.
1.      Dr. Karl Spengler is a continuing character throughout the Beldon Grove series. Try to put yourself in his place when faced with a diagnosis of cholera. What was a popular treatment of the day?
2.      What was common therapy for a croupy baby?
3.      How would a doctor have cared for a serious injury to an eye?
4.      When faced with a listless infant who wouldn’t eat and whose limbs lacked any strength, what would the doctor’s diagnosis have been? And if he’d known what was wrong, would he have recognized the cause?
5.      What were the signs of acute heart failure, and with what medication would the patient have been treated? For that matter, what did the medical community call heart failure?
Here are the answers. Some were gleaned from family accounts written at the time, others from research.
1.      Cholera was commonly treated with heavy doses of calomel (mercurous chloride), which we know now is poisonous, and bloodletting via leeches or cutting. Your chances of survival were better without the treatment.
2.       A croupy baby would have had to endure a piece of flannel saturated with turpentine wrapped around its throat.
3.      For an injury to an eye, a poultice of slippery elm bark was placed on the wound. Then the head was wrapped in a bandage and the patient was made to lie flat until healing took place.
4.      The doctor would have had no idea what was wrong with the infant. Only until many years later would it be known as infant botulism, one cause being feeding honey to babies under one year of age.
5.      The signs of acute heart failure haven’t changed (shortness of breath, fluid retention), although diagnosis and treatment are much more sophisticated today. In the mid-1800’s,  the condition may have been treated with a carefully monitored digitalis decoction. In that sense, the medication was the same, although today’s compounds are far safer.
At that time the condition would possibly have been called edema of the lungs, or dropsy. The term “heart failure” wasn’t commonly used until 1895, and “heart attack” came into our vocabulary in the 1930’s.
Makes be glad to be living now. The good old days weren’t all that good, at least not if you or someone you loved was sick!
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ANN SHOREY has been a full-time writer for over twenty years. Her writing has appeared in Chicken Soup for the Grandma’s Soul, and in the Adams Media Cup of Comfort series. She made her fiction debut with The Edge of Light, Book One in the At Home in Beldon Grove series. She’s tempted to thank Peet’s coffee and Dove chocolates when she writes the acknowledgments for her books.
 She may be contacted through her website, www.annshorey.com, which also contains her blog, http://annshorey.blogspot.com/ or find her on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/AnnShorey.

Historical Medical Question: Laudanum Dosing

/ Jordyn Redwood / Leave a comment

I have the great pleasure of hosting Ann Shorey today and Friday. First, I’d like to give her my warmest congratulations on the release of her novel Where Wildflowers Bloom that released Jan 1, 2012. What a great New Year’s Day gift. I hope you’ll check it out.

Ann Asks:

My wip is set in 1867. One of my characters is a doctor. Here are a couple of questions:

How much laudanum would be needed to give pain control to a four-year-old? How much for an adult male? How would it be administered–diluted in water, or swallowed straight?

Jordyn Says:

First thing to understand about laudanum is that it is an opiate based pain killer. Its contemporary counterparts would be drugs like Fentanyl and Morphine. Therefore, it could have the same type of adverse reactions that these drugs have. If a patient were to receive too much, their respiratory drive could slow down and/or stop. Also, these are not uncommon drugs to have an allergic reaction to.

I found a great resource for Ann. It’s an old medical text written by Dr. Chase, a physician during this time period. I was able to link to the exact information she needed. You can view it here:

http://www.archive.org/stream/drchasesrecipes01chas#page/132/mode/2up. The text gives a recipe on how to mix the drug and states: “From 10-30 drops for an adult, according to the strength of the patient or the severity of the pain.” So for children, I would imagine you would start with single drops.
I also wanted to point to this post written by historical author Ann Love (who I think has the best historical author name ever!) over at Anne’s Love Notes. She writes a more in-depth piece concerning Dr. Chase that will be of interest for historical authors. You can find it here: http://anneslovenotes.blogspot.com/2011/11/researching-19th-century-primary-source.html.
Any other thoughts for Ann?
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ANN SHOREY has been a full-time writer for over twenty years. Her writing has appeared in Chicken Soup for the Grandma’s Soul, and in the Adams Media Cup of Comfort series. She made her fiction debut with The Edge of Light, Book One in the At Home in Beldon Grove series. She’s tempted to thank Peet’s coffee and Dove chocolates when she writes the acknowledgments for her books.

 She may be contacted through her website, www.annshorey.com, which also contains her blog, http://annshorey.blogspot.com/ or find her on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/AnnShorey.

Author Beware: The Law– HIPAA (3/3)

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Today, I’m concluding my three-part series on the HIPAA law. I’m going to focus on how I’ve seen it violated in published works of fiction.

Image by Neven Divkovic from Pixabay

Situation 1: A hard-nosed journalist makes entry into the hospital and begins asking the staff about a current patient. One nurse pulls him aside and gives him the information. This is a clear violation of HIPAA. All media requests will go through the public relations office. For any information to be released, the patient needs to give their permission.

Situation 2: A nurse on duty calls her friend and notifies her that another victim involved in a crime spree, that her sister was a victim of, is an inpatient at her hospital. Again, unless that person has provided direct care to the patient or the patient gives their consent for the information to be released, the nurse is in violation of HIPAA. However, the author of this particular manuscript handled it well. At least she had the character divulge that she could get in “big trouble” if upper management found out what she’d done. Think back to Brittney Spears in Part One of this series.

Situation 3: A small town high school mascot falls ill on the field during a football game and is rushed to the hospital. A paramedic takes him to the ER. When the paramedic’s wife arrives, she inquires about his condition. The paramedic/husband tells her what the doctors found. Again, the wife is not providing direct medical care to the patient. This paramedic has violated the patient’s HIPAA rights by divulging this information to his spouse. Now, I understand, in small towns– this information may “leak out”. A better way for the author to have handled this would have been to have the wife of the fallen mascot tell this woman what his diagnosis was. HIPAA doesn’t apply to family members and they can willingly share information with who they wish. That may not make the patient very happy— ahh . . . another area of conflict!

Have you seen HIPAA violations in works of fiction that you’ve read?

Author Beware: The Law– HIPAA (Part 2/3)

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Situations involving minors can be an easy way to increase conflict in your manuscript. Here is an easy area to use.

Minors presenting to the ED for evaluation of a pregnancy or STD related complaint.

Here’s a set-up. Mother brings her 14 y/o daughter in to “get checked for pregnancy”. Okay, great. Already we have inherent conflict. After all, if the daughter was in agreement about allowing her mother to know this information, they could have done a home pregnancy test and matter solved.

At times, parents will bring their children to the ER thinking that, because they’ve signed them in as a patient and they’re the parent, we’ll have to do as they ask and they’ll learn the information that way.

This isn’t the case. Will we do the pregnancy test? Maybe. The patient has to be willing. Will we relay the pregnancy test results to the parent? If the 14 y/o patient says “no” then we will not.

Most states have laws surrounding minors and issues related to pregnancy or STD’s is protected information and can only be released to the patient. Depending on the state, the cut-off is 13 or 14 years. This is different from us giving information about a follow-up culture for strep throat.

I’ve had parents call back for these types of test results. Nope, can’t give you the information.

Another area is that minor patients can sign themselves into the ER without parental consent for these matters as well. Generally, for all other conditions, we have to make attempts to get the parent on the phone for verbal consent witnessed by two individuals.

What do we do?

As healthcare providers, we really do try and facilitate open dialogue between the parent and child. We’ll sit with the 14 y/o daughter privately and go over why it would be best for her to share this information, regardless of the results, with an adult.

Can you think of other healthcare situations involving minors that could be high areas of conflict?

Author Beware: The Law– HIPAA (Part 1/3)

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Several months ago, I was watching a local TV news station when a nurse manager was being interviewed about the fact that you could look up ER wait times on the Internet before checking in. That’s a whole other can of worms I won’t get into today but the problem with her interview was that the camera shot included her standing next to their patient tracking board in which you could clearly see the last name of the patient, their age, and their medical complaint.

Stock Photo by Sean Locke
http://www.digitalplanetdesign.com

I almost fell out of my chair. This was a clear HIPAA violation and that ER manager should have known better than to be standing anywhere near that board.

Each time you visit the doctor’s office or sign into the urgent care or emergency department for treatment, you should be given a paper that outlines your rights under HIPAA which stands for the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. It basically outlines rules on how to deal with a patient’s “protected health information” or PHI.

What this boils down to for the bedside clinical worker falls into a couple of areas and I’ll give some examples below.

1. I should be providing direct care to a patient or should have provided recent care in order to look up their chart. Some of you may remember the healthcare workers that were fired for accessing Brittney Spears medical information. They were likely fired under this provision.

2. I can’t share any specific information (name–never, age, and complaint) listed together in areas where other’s could become aware of the patient’s visit. This would include areas like social media (a big no-no). When cases are presented at medical conferences, generally all patient information is blacked out (say on x-rays). And the patient is only spoken of in general terms. Such as: 16y/o presented to the ER for evaluation of neck pain. Now, across the USA for one day, probably several patients presented with this complaint so how do you know which one it was?

3. I shouldn’t be sharing patient information with my spouse unless he has provided direct care to the patient as well. Therefore, since my husband is an accountant, I can’t say— “Oh, by the way our neighbor’s daughter was seen for a broken arm today in the ER.” Unless I’ve asked the mother specifically if it’s all right that I mention this to my husband, I have violated that patient’s rights by sharing that information with my spouse. Working in pediatrics, I’ve been in the situation often and don’t mention the visit at all when home.

4. Requests for information about a patient from the media generally go through the public relation’s office. This tends to happen more off hours, a reporter will get through to the ER desk and begin to ask questions. Most, if not all hospitals, are very firm that all media inquiries go through public relations. This allows them to control the message.

5. Patient information cannot be given over the phone unless specified by permission. This is why, when you fill out those HIPAA forms at your doctor’s office, they generally ask who they can talk to and what kind of information they can share. Perhaps you don’t want your husband to know why you were at the OB’s office. A caveat to this is giving information to your personal physician who is following up on your ER complaint. We will generally give specifics for this because they are providing your follow-up care.

Next post I’ll talk specifically about HIPAA and minors.

ED Issues: Cop versus Nurse

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My brother works in the next county over as a deputy sheriff. I always say a writer is blessed if they have a law enforcement officer and a medical person in the family. That helps cover a lot of manuscript issues. My brother does patrol so, at times, he’ll bring a person in custody to the ER for drug testing. After a frustrating interaction with the ED staff, I’ll get an irate call from him, “Why did the ER do that!” Most often, it has to do with making him wait.

Personally, I have a great respect for the police and know their time is valuable as they would rather be on the road than stuck in the ER. Most areas of conflict come up when we don’t understand the other’s work. ER nurses get upset with the floors when they don’t take an admission quickly because we can’t stop what walks into the department even if we close to ambulances. The floors think the ED didn’t do enough of an evaluation and left too much for them to do. Nearly every agency that receives and hands-off people to someone else has sources of conflict– this is guaranteed.

When my brother called to complain about how long he’d had to wait for his prisoner to get his lab work, I immediately wanted to defend the ER workers.

These are the first things I thought.

1. The prisoner is a low priority. We’re going to take care of sick patients first. The higher the acuity in the ER, the longer the wait time is likely to be. We have to save lives first.

2. Confusion on what needs to be done. I remember this from my adult ER days. We’re not drawing blood or doing drug testing on prisoners every day. Since it’s not something done often, there are likely questions on the proper procedure. We’re going to want to make sure it’s done correctly, particularly if it goes to court. The delay could be the staff actually researching how to handle the situation (what tubes to put the blood in and what paperwork to fill out).

3. The prisoner has a babysitter. I know that’s a horrible term for a police officer. Generally, a police officer cannot leave someone who is in his custody. So, as the ER staff, we know there’s an extra set of eyes on that person and we will worry less about something happening to them.

What other sources of conflict do you see? Have you written a scene with a mix of ER and law enforcement?

Medical Question: Flu and Pregnancy

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Bonnie asks:

My question has to do with one of my characters who gets a deadly form of influenza (swine and avian flu combined) early in her pregnancy. She winds up in the ICU. She survives but then discovers she’s pregnant. She worried about the baby.

What are the possible dangers to the baby?
Heidi says:
The flu is actually more dangerous to the pregnant woman herself than to the fetus. Most women and healthcare providers delay preventative and treatment of the flu because they fear possible effects on the baby. More women in their third trimester of pregnancy die of the flu, than anything else including accidents and domestic violence.
Untreated flu symptoms that can and usually do send pregnant woman to the ICU include such things as high fevers, dehydration, and viral infections. The effects on the fetus include an increase in still births, brain damage, premature birth, and spontaneous abortion. Woman early in pregnancy are at greatest risk for spontaneous abortion. This would be the case for your patient. Treatment of the flu (antiviral’s), is the best thing for this patient, the benefits greatly outweigh the risks.
I encourage all pregnant patients to get the flu shot and to call their health care provider immediately for flu like symptoms. Tamiflu and Relenza work best when given within the first 48 hours of flu symptoms. Always your best defense is a good offense, get your flu shot.
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Adelheideh Creston lives in New York. She is former military and married military as well. Her grandmother was a WAVE and inspired her to become a nurse. Heidi spent some time as a certified nursing assistant, then an LPN, working in geriatrics, med surge, psych, telemetry and orthopedics. She’s been an RN several years with a specialty in labor and delivery and neonatology. Her experience has primarily been with military medicine, but she has also worked in the civilian sector.

Heidi is an avid reader. She loves Christian fiction mysteries and suspense. Though, don’t recommend the gory graphic stuff to her… please. She enjoys writing her own stories and is yet unpublished. 

Nurse Assisted Deliveries: Heidi Creston

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Babies come when they want to, not necessarily when we want them to. Every labor and delivery nurse and OB provider are well aware of this fact. Nurse assisted deliveries happen daily.

The primary reasons for nurse assisted deliveries are:

  1. Physicians are over extended.  They have more than one patient delivering at one time or are  covering OR and/or ER as well as OB.
  2. They are not on site due to office hours.
  3. Precipitous Deliveries (baby comes quickly).
Labor and delivery nurses are specially trained to monitor and keep close observation on a patient’s status in order to notify the OB provider in a timely manner. Most patients are kept on continual electronic fetal monitoring. The pattern on the fetal strip provides information concerning both fetal and maternal status to include how soon delivery may be.
Sterile vaginal exams or cervical examinations to monitor dilation is another skill that L&D nurses are trained to perform. Nurses also educate their patients to report any signs of increased pressure.
It is always preferable for the OB provider to be present for the delivery, due to the increased risk to the patient (possible birth complications such shoulder dystocia), but in the event the provider does not make it, labor nurses are trained to deliver.
The L&D staff will make every effort to contact the provider, they will stop any measures taken to induce labor (turn off pitocin, instruct patient how to breathe thru contractions), provide support, and set up for delivery.
If the delivery is imminent, the nurse will guide the patient in her delivery, guiding the head, checking for nuchal cord. A nuchal cord is when the  umbilical cord is around the neck.  In some cases the cord can be untangled by hand.  Tight cords need to be reduced, clamped and cut.
Nurses also must be careful of other body parts being entangled by the cord as well. Delivery of the body is usually rapid once the head and shoulders are out.
If there are no complications with the infant, nurses will usually leave the baby on the mother’s chest with an uncut cord for 3-5 minutes. Nurses do not attempt to deliver the placenta, but if the placenta delivers spontaneously they place it in a container for the provider.
After delivery, if the provider remains unavailable, the nurse will clean the perineum and assess for tears and bleeding. Given the situation (excessive bleeding) the nurse may restart the pitocin, give a dose of methergine or hemabate, provide continuous fundal massage, and or perform a vaginal sweep. Upon arrival of the provider, the nurse will give them a full report.
Although most deliveries are uneventful, there are many things that could go fatally wrong with the delivery itself or during the post partum period. These include but are not limited to: malpresentation (ie: breech, compound limbs), cord prolapse/cord accidents/nuchal cords/body cords, placental abruption, and post partum hemorrhage.

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Adelheideh Creston lives in New York. She is former military and married military as well. Her grandmother was a WAVE and inspired her to become a nurse. Heidi spent some time as a certified nursing assistant, then an LPN, working in geriatrics, med surge, psych, telemetry and orthopedics. She’s been an RN several years with a specialty in labor and delivery and neonatology. Her experience has primarily been with military medicine, but she has also worked in the civilian sector.

 
Heidi is an avid reader. She loves Christian fiction mysteries and suspense. Though, don’t recommend the gory graphic stuff to her… please. She enjoys writing her own stories and is yet unpublished.

Pediatric Controversies: Immunizations 3/3

/ Jordyn Redwood / Leave a comment

I’m concluding my three part series on one area of pediatrics that causes a lot of controversy. Immunizations.

Why don’t people choose to immunize their children? I would say a large majority of these parents would claim a concern about Thimerisol (covered in Part One) and the much talked about but unsupported risk that there is a link between autism and the MMR vaccine (covered in Part Two). This link is not supported by the medical research.

Some people choose not to vaccinate because they’re possibly suspicious of western medicine or in general prefer herbal or homeopathic remedies. 

Another reason? I think it’s because we largely don’t see children suffering or dying from these illnesses that we vaccinate against. People who lived during times when polio was a known affliction in the US probably had a different opinion about vaccinating against polio.



H1N1/Widipedia

 An interesting thing happened early in the fall of 2009. H1N1, otherwise known as the “swine flu” made an outbreak. It affected a large number of people but the pediatric population, particularly late elementary through early high school, had some very serious complications. Several children nationally required mechanical ventilation (a breathing machine) to save their life. Several children died.

There is a vaccine for H1N1. In fact, it’s been included in the regular flu vaccine this year and last year. However, in 2009, distribution came a few months after the outbreak. The interesting part? It was scarce because so many people wanted it for themselves and their children. They didn’t want them to die from the swine flu. Most people don’t see children ill or dying of the diseases we routinely vaccinate against. The immediacy of the experience is lost.

If you have chosen not to immunize, I hope you’ve taken the time to research the diseases and their complications. Choosing not to immunize is a risk as well. How does this play out in fiction?

Let’s say a 6 month old child presents to the ED with high fever and a rash and has never been immunized. Now, we as the ER staff have to worry about all those diseases the child is not protected against. This may set the child up for additional lab tests and procedures. Parents aren’t generally happy when we explain why we have to add these other tests. This is an excellent way to add conflict.

What are your thoughts about immunizations? I’m happy to post any dissenting, well-articulated opinion in the comments section. No derogatory remarks please. I know this issue has a lot of passion on both sides.

Pediatric Controversies: Immunizations 2/3

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How many of you have heard the name Dr. Andrew Wakefield? His uber-small, sample study that linked childhood vaccines to autism was retracted by the British Medical Journal. Why is this important? This study fueled the fire for many people choosing not to immunize. But really, what harm is it not to immunize your child against common childhood diseases? You can read about this retraction and the impact it has by following this link: http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/01/05/autism.vaccines/index.html

I want to introduce a concept to you. It’s called herd immunity. I can already see index fingers flying up, scratching a few temples. Cows? She’s talking about cows? This girl has lost her mind– been working too many 12 hour shifts.



Malibu56/Photobucket

Let me explain. Herd immunity is the number of immunized individuals in a group (be it people or cows). It affords certain protection if the “herd” is largely immunized. Let me paint a scenario for you. Take a population of 100 people. Now, 99 of them are immunized against measles. There is a measles outbreak in the next town five miles over. Measles is highly contagious. What’s the chance of measles taking hold in this community where 99% of individuals are immunized? What if the herd immunity in that town was 80%. What are the chances then?

In this scenario, the likelihood of measles taking hold in the community where 99% of people are immunized is low. Dr. Paul Offitt, in his book, Deadly Choices, states that likely 95% herd immunity will protect a community against measles. In 2008, the following states all had immunization rates <70%: Washington, Vermont, Idaho, Montana and Nevada. The likelihood of a measles outbreak taking hold in those state is high.
In the article above concerning Dr. Wakefield, it lists some of the ramifications of people choosing not to immunize.

“The now-discredited paper panicked many parents and led to a sharp drop in the number of children getting the vaccine that prevents measles, mumps and rubella. Vaccination rates dropped sharply in Britain after its publication, falling as low as 80% by 2004. Measles cases have gone up sharply in the ensuing years.”

The 95% herd immunity for measles seems to hold true.

“In the United States, more cases of measles were reported in 2008 than in any other year since 1997, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. More than 90% of those infected had not been vaccinated or their vaccination status was unknown, the CDC reported.”

But really, what’s the problem with a case of measles? Why did they invent that vaccine anyway? You can read more about measles infection on the following links but one possible complication of measles infection is encephalitis (1:1000 measles cases). I was a little shocked by that number. Encephalitis is an infection in the brain.

1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002536
2. http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/lung/measles.html

The main concern with measles is that it is highly contagious. There is no “cure” once a case is contracted, merely symptomatic support. Measles is very concerning if a pregnant woman contracts it. Read the following:

“If you’re not immune to rubella and you come down with this illness during early pregnancy, it could be devastating for your baby. You could have a miscarriage or your baby could end up with multiple birth defects and developmental problems. Congenital rubella syndrome, or CRS, is the name given to the pattern of problems caused when a baby is born with the virus.”

I think the following paragraph lends support to the point of having high herd immunity when it come to measles.

“Rubella has become quite rare in the United States, thanks to a very successful vaccination program. Before the rubella vaccine was developed in 1969, a rubella epidemic in 1964 and 1965 caused 12.5 million cases of the disease and 20,000 cases of CRS in the United States. In contrast, between 2001 and 2005, there were a total of 68 reported cases of rubella and five reported cases of CRS. And in 2006, there were just 11 reported cases of rubella and only one case of CRS.”

Here is the link for these quotes: http://www.babycenter.com/0_rubella-german-measles-during-pregnancy_9527.bc.

How often do you hear this side when it comes to the immunization debate? What good is this for fiction? I talked to a pediatrician in our area and asked him what his current rates of immunization were. He stated he was lucky to have 50% of his kids immunized. Some of those children are now women of childbearing age. I think it would be easy to add as a pregnancy complication for any story. What about a measles outbreak?

What do you think?